Dating back to 1441, when the Danish King Christian I was
proclaimed the King of Norway, "union" between the two countries
existed, with Denmark ruling over the less-populous and more agrarian
Norway. Neutrality and a consequent
improvement in the nation’s foreign trade marked Frederick V’s reign
(1746-66). In the Great Northern
War (1709-20), Denmark had failed to recapture territories lost to her rival,
Sweden, in the preceding century.
Ever since then, Denmark-Norway had eschewed the wars of Europe. By the 18th Century,
Denmark-Norway had acquired an important merchant marine and navy. To enjoy freedom of the seas,
preserving the state’s neutrality became a great concern of its leaders. In 1762, this neutrality was threatened
when Denmark-Norway became embroiled in a territorial dispute with Russia over
the Duchy of Holstein. Thanks to
the efforts of an outstanding statesman, Count von Bernstorff (who had earlier
preserved Denmark-Norway’s neutrality in the Seven Years War), a carefully
drafted treaty was negotiated and Russia renounced its claims to the
duchy. War was again averted by
the Danes.
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Starts with fleets in Copenhagen and Christiania. Unit color is purple.
5) The
Hapsburg Empire (Austria) (4 Supply Centers)
Maria Theresa (reigned 1740-80), Holy Roman Empress,
Archduchess of Austria, and Queen of Hungary, was a key figure in the power
politics of 18th century Europe. To the Hapsburg Empire – a dynastic agglomeration of
disparate lands – she gave a measure of unity and was one of the most capable
rulers of her House. Indeed, her
dynamic and resourceful leadership saved the Hapsburg Monarchy from total
dissolution in the War of the Austrian Succession. For the remainder of her reign, Maria Theresa strove to
ensure that Austria would never again be so humbled. Guided by the minister, Count von Kaunitz, Maria Theresa
streamlined the Imperial structure and drew together to the extent possible,
the multiethnic and polyglot regions of the far-flung Hapsburg Empire. “This
woman’s achievements,” stated her lifelong enemy, Frederick the Great, “were
those of a great man.” By 1763, a
great rivalry for the leadership of Germany arose as two great Houses – the
upstart Hohenzollern monarchy of Prussia and the caretakers of the ancient Holy
Roman Empire, the Hapsburgs of Austria – vied for hegemony, in a condition of
tension known as “the German Dualism.”
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Starts with armies in Vienna, Budapest, Milan, and Austrian
Netherlands. Unit color is red.
See V. Special Rules regarding building in the
Austrian Netherlands.
6) Kingdom
of Great Britain/ Electorate of Hanover (4 Supply Centers)
Britain and France fought the Seven Years War for dominion
over colonies. Britain was a
formidable economic power and had served as the “war chest of Europe” by hiring
mercenary armies, bankrolling allies, and providing subsidies to foreign garrisons
all across Europe. Hanover, a
small German state, was the British ruling dynasty’s continental
possession. Hanoverian armies
fought several battles against the
French during the Seven Years War.
Britain arose from the war as the leading colonial and naval power, but
this success aroused resentment throughout Europe that Britain was developing a
monopoly on overseas trade.
Britain found itself increasingly politically isolated. This was also a period of internal
turmoil. In 1760, the “mad” King
George III (of Great Britain and Prince-Elector of Hanover) succeeded to the
throne and would become one of the most controversial monarchs in British
history. The 1760’s were also a
period of bad harvests, rising food prices, high taxes, and sporadic
unemployment. Such instability
undoubtedly hampered efforts to resolve the problem of its own American
colonies.
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Starts with fleets in London, Edinburgh, and Gibraltar, and
an army in Hanover. Unit color is
dark blue. (Note: Gibraltar is not a SC, although a
fleet starts there. Liverpool is a
SC for Great Britain, though no unit begins the game there.)
7) The
Kingdom of France (3 Supply Centers).
Though sorely defeated in the Seven Years War,
pre-Revolutionary France – the Ancien
Régime – was wealthy, populous, and still a
force to be reckoned with.
Unfortunately for France, it was under the long rule of Louis XV
(reigned 1715-74). One of Louis’
faults was to take more counsel from his mistress, Madame de Pompadour (or
"the Prime Minister in petticoats," as she was derisively called by
those who deplored her influence), than the ambassadors and advisors of his
court. Although France had the
richest resources of any country in Europe, the central government was
chronically poor because it could not effectively tap the sources of wealth
within its kingdom. Louis'
ineptitude in affairs of state would cost France defeat in the Seven Years War
and almost all her possessions in India and North America. His ineffectual reign earned him the
contempt of his subjects and a tremendous loss in France’s prestige. While France was still clearly one of
the Great Powers of Europe, its influence was at a very low ebb in 1763.
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![[White semy de lys ensign]](aepics/image017.gif)
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Starts with armies in Paris and Marseilles, and a fleet in
Brest. Unit color is light blue.
8) The
Russian Empire (3 Supply Centers)
In the Seven Years War, Russian armies were successful in
conquering East Prussia and occupying Berlin briefly (the empress Elizabeth’s
death during the Seven Years War saved the King of Prussia from disaster). Her replacement, Peter III, ruled for a
mere six months. The first of his
monumental mistakes was to make peace with Russia's "bitterest
enemy," but Peter's own hero, Frederick the Great. In 1762, he was deposed in a bloodless
revolt and Catherine was placed in his stead. Expansion of Imperial Russia’s might continued under
Catherine the Great (reigned 1762-96), who led her country into full participation
in the political and cultural life of Europe, carrying on the work begun by
Peter the Great. With her
ministers, she reorganized the administration and law of the Russian Empire and
with her armies, began to expand Russian territory. Under Catherine’s rule Russia was becoming strong enough to
threaten the other great powers, and because she was in fact a harsh and
unscrupulous ruler, she figured in the Western imagination as the incarnation
of the immense, backward, and forbidding country she ruled.
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Starts with armies in Moscow and Kiev, and a fleet in St.
Petersburg. Unit color is white.
See V. Special Rules regarding Crimea becoming
a home SC for Russia.
9) The
Kingdom of Prussia (3 Supply Centers)
The autocrat Frederick I left his
son and successor, Frederick II, a wealthy financial reserve, productive
domains, a hardworking bureaucracy, and arguably, the best-trained army in
Europe. Frederick II, known now as
the Great (reigned 1740-86), put the newly realized strength of the Prussian state
at the service of an ambitious but risky foreign policy. Frederick astonished Europe within
months of his accession to the throne by invading Silesia, a prosperous and
flourishing province of the Habsburg Empire, thus precipitating the War of the
Austrian Succession. The
Austro-Prussian struggle for Silesia continued, with uneasy intermissions,
until the end of the Seven Years War.
Facing seemingly insurmountable odds in the Seven Years War, Frederick
brilliantly outmaneuvered and outfought the coalition bent on Prussia's
destruction that had been assembled by the Habsburg Empire as revenge for the
War of Austrian Succession. The
final acquisition of Silesia increased the territory and population of tiny
Prussia by a third. The wars of
Frederick the Great not only established his personal reputation as a military
genius, but also won recognition for Prussia as one of the Great Powers of
Europe.
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The Prussian flag in 1763 was an ongoing revision of a
flag dating back to 1525, when Prussia was merely a Polish fiefdom. In 1701 the Duchy of Prussia became a
Kingdom with the permission of Poland and the Holy Roman Emperor.
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Starts with armies in Berlin, Breslau, and Koenigsberg. Unit color is black.
10) The
Ottoman Empire (Turkey) (3 Supply Centers)
Not involved in the Seven Years War, but impossible to
ignore as a power in Europe, the Ottoman Empire was under the rule of Sultan
Mustafa III (reigned 1757-74).
Mustafa instituted governmental and military reforms (including the
adoption of western-style tactics, uniforms, and arms) to halt the empire’s
slow but steady decline. A century and a half earlier the Ottoman Turks had
ruled over the largest empire in the world, but that day of glory was now fast
fading. Dominated by military and
religious factions, the Empire remained a medieval state politically,
economically, and socially.
In spite of urgings by France and Prussia, the Ottoman Empire was
reluctant to participate in the European scheme of alliances and
counter-alliances. As a consequence,
it fought constant, intermittent wars with its European neighbors in the 18th
century. Although no longer at the
peak of its power (the last siege of Vienna occurred in 1683), it still took a
coalition of European nations to humble the Ottoman Empire in the 18th
century.
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The crescent and star had long been used by the Turks,
even before the advent of Islam.
While the empire didn’t have a
“national” flag to speak
of in 1763, this design,
featuring a seven pointed star, was probably the most common and served as
the basis for the modern Turkish flag.
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Starts with armies in Sofia and Damascus, and a fleet in
Constantinople. Unit color is
yellow.
III. MINOR POWERS
In addition to the ten Great Powers, there is also a host of
“minor powers,” which are non-player neutral Supply Centers (SCs) representing
the smaller states of Europe and North Africa. These include (space names in bold) the following:
§
The Regency of Algiers (an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire)
§
Baden-Wuerttemberg
(representing the various small states of southwestern Germany, including the
Margravates of Baden and the Duchy of Wurttemberg )
§
The Electorate of Bavaria
§
The Duchy of Courland (an autonomous fiefdom of Poland-Lithuania)
§
Hesse-Westphalia (representing
the various small states of northwestern and central Germany, including the
Earldoms of Hesse and the Duchy of Westphalia)
§
The Khanate of Crimea (a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire)
§
Mecklenburg
(representing the Duchies of Mecklenburg)
§
The Sultanate of Morocco
§
The Papal States
§
The Kingdom of Portugal
§
The Kingdom of Sardinia (see VIII. Notes on Map)
§
The Swiss Confederation (Switzerland)
§ The
Regency of Tunis (an autonomous
province of the Ottoman Empire)
§
Tuscany
(representing the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and Duchies of Modena and Reggio)
§
Two Sicilies
(representing the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily)
§
The United Provinces
§
The Venetian Republic
Each minor power, although a “non-player,” starts with a
unit (unit color is dark green).
All minor powers start with an army except for the following minors that
start with a fleet: Courland, Portugal, the Venetian Republic, Two Sicilies,
the United Provinces, Morocco, Tunis, and Algiers (the fleets in Morocco,
Tunis, and Algiers representing the Barbary Corsairs).
Minor power units prevent a Great Power from simply moving
into an empty space and gaining control of the SC. To occupy a minor power SC, a Great Power will need to move
in with support. A minor power
unit that is forced to retreat is disbanded. If a Great Power does not occupy the minor power SC at the
end of a Fall turn, the minor power’s unit is automatically rebuilt in the
Winter.
As in standard Diplomacy,
a Great Power controls a minor power SC when one of its units occupies the
space after a Fall turn has been played and completed. Once a Great Power gains control of a
minor power SC, it can leave the SC vacant and still keep control of it as long
as that SC is not occupied by another Great Power at the close of a Fall turn.
Minor power units do nothing but hold in place, unless the unit has been ordered by a Great Power using its
Diplomacy Points.
IV. DIPLOMACY
POINTS
At the start of the Spring and Fall turns, each Great Power
receives one Diplomacy Point (DP) for each SC it controls, up to a maximum of
three DPs per turn. During each
Spring and Fall turn, each Great Power may allocate none, some, or all of its
DPs to minor powers that still have units on the map. For each DP allocated, the allocating Great Power submits an
order for that particular minor power’s unit. A Great Power may also consolidate all of its DPs (if it has
more than one) into a single order.
A Great Power may only order a minor power to hold or support. A minor power may not be ordered to
move or attack.
Unused DPs may not be carried over into the next turn. They are simply lost.
Players are not required to tell each other how they
allocated their DPs. Just as with
negotiations, players may honor their agreements with other players or not, as
they see fit. Only the GM will
know how Great Powers have allocated their DPs. DP allocation is not published in the adjudication; only
the end results are published.
The GM determines how DPs have been allocated. In the event of a conflict, an order
for a particular minor power’s unit is followed if it is supported by more DPs
than any conflicting order. See
the following examples:
Example 1. In Spring ‘63, France allocates one DP
to Switzerland to get it to support a French attack on Savoy. No other major Power allocates a DP to
Switzerland so the Swiss unit supports the French attack on Savoy.
Example 2. In Spring ‘63, France allocates one DP
to Switzerland to get it to support a French attack on Savoy. Austria also allocates one DP to
Switzerland to get it to support an Austrian attack on the Venetian
Republic. Since France and Austria
each allocated one DP to Switzerland, neither controls Switzerland and the
Swiss army simply holds in place.
Example 3. In Spring ‘63, France allocates two DPs
to Switzerland to get it to support a French attack on Savoy. Austria allocates only one DP to
Switzerland to get it to support an Austrian attack on the Venetian Republic. Since France allocated one more DP to
Switzerland than Austria did, the Swiss support the French attack on Savoy.
Example 4. In Spring ‘63, France allocates one DP
to Switzerland to get it to support a French attack on Savoy. Austria allocates one DP to
Switzerland to get it to support an Austrian attack on the Venetian
Republic. In support of France,
the Ottoman Empire allocates one DP to Switzerland to get it to support the
French attack on Savoy. Although
France, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire each allocated one DP to Switzerland,
the French get the Swiss support because the Turks supported the French
diplomatic efforts with the Swiss.
If, during a Spring or Fall turn, a Great Power allocates
more DPs to minor powers than it is entitled to, all of that Great Power’s DPs
are forfeited for that particular turn.
V.
SPECIAL RULES
1) Miscellaneous
- The
first turn of the game begins in the Spring of 1763.
- While
the Austrian Netherlands is a home SC for Austria, Austria may not build in the Austrian Netherlands. Austria may build in Milan
however.
- Britain
may build in Hanover.
- Crimea
serves as a home SC for Russia if it is controlled by Russia.
2) Additional
Home Supply Center (SC)
- The 2
SC Great Powers (Poland & Saxony, Spain, Sweden, Denmark-Norway) may
acquire a third home SC during the
game. This center is the
first SC the Great Power captures and is final for the remainder of the
game. The Great Power may not
acquire additional or subsequent home SCs during the game.
Example 1. Portugal is the first SC captured by
Spain. Portugal is now considered,
along with Madrid and Barcelona, one of Spain’s home SCs. This means Spain may build units in
Portugal. Spain later captures
Morocco. While Morocco counts as
one of Spain’s SCs it is not a home SC. Later, Great Britain captures Portugal from Spain. The status of Morocco does not change,
i.e., it does not become Spain’s “new” third home SC. Spain will not have a third home SC in the game unless it
recaptures Portugal.
- The
third home SC may be either a minor power or the SC of another Great
Power. However, if the SC was
originally another Great Power’s SC, its status does not change. In other words, the SC functions
as the home SC for whichever Great Power controls it during the game. The recapture of a lost home SC,
even if it is the “first” SC captured by the Great Power, does not
preclude the Great Power from later acquiring a third home SC during the
game.
Example 2. Stockholm is the first SC captured by
Denmark-Norway. Even though
Stockholm was one of Sweden’s original home SCs, it is now Denmark-Norway’s third
home SC. Later in the game, Sweden
recaptures Stockholm. Stockholm
now reverts back to the status of one of Sweden’s home SCs. The following year, Sweden captures
Mecklenburg. Mecklenburg now
becomes Sweden’s third home SC. For the rest of the game, Denmark-Norway’s
third home SC is Stockholm and Sweden’s third home SC is Mecklenburg.
3) Restriction
on Diplomacy Point Allocation
The following rules
restrict certain allocations of DPs to minor powers, in recognition of
religious division in Europe and the Mediterranean world in 1763. In short, any Great Power may allocate DPs to any minor power in the game. However:
· the
Papal States may only be ordered to hold
or support a unit belonging to a Catholic state (i.e., Austria, France, Poland
& Saxony, Spain, Tuscany, Two Sicilies, and The Venetian Republic).
· a
Muslim minor power (i.e., Algiers, Crimea, Morocco, and Tunis) may not be ordered to support an attack by a Christian Great
Power against a space that is occupied by a Muslim unit (i.e., a unit of the
Ottoman Empire or any of the Muslim minor powers).
· a
Christian minor power may not be ordered
to support an attack by the Ottoman Empire against a space that is occupied by
a Christian unit (a unit of any Great Power or minor power not listed as a
“Muslim unit” above).
VI. VICTORY
CONDITIONS
As soon as one
Great Power controls 15 SCs, the game ends immediately and the player
representing that Great Power is the winner.
If two Great
Powers each gain control of 15 or more SCs at the same time, the player
representing the Great Power with the most SCs is considered the winner. If the two Great Powers each control
the same number of SCs, the game continues until one player has 15 or more SCs and that player has more SCs than any other player.
Players may
terminate the game by mutual agreement before a winner is determined. If this occurs, any decision reached by
the players (e.g., concede game to one player, concede game to an alliance)
must be accepted unanimously. If
the players cannot agree, all players who still have pieces on the board when
the game ends share equally in a draw.
VII. CIVIL
DISORDER
If a player is lost during the game, the GM is encouraged to
find a replacement player for the affected Great Power rather than have it
lapse into civil disorder. In the
event no replacement player is found and the GM declares the Great Power to be
in permanent civil disorder, the
following rules apply:
·
All units of the Great Power in civil disorder (GPCD)
are immediately disbanded.
·
All SCs controlled by the GPCD that are unoccupied are
immediately considered newly independent minor powers. Minor power army units are built in
those minor power spaces.
·
All SCs controlled by the GPCD that are occupied by a
unit belonging to another Great Power are unaffected. If the occupying Great Power moves its unit out of the
GPCD’s SC so that the SC is unoccupied at the conclusion of a Fall turn, a
minor power army unit is built there and that SC is considered a newly
independent minor power.
· For
the remainder of the game, all newly independent minor powers are subject to
the provisions of III. Minor Powers. In particular, this means the new minor
power can be influenced using Diplomacy Points (see IV. Diplomacy
Points).
· Once
a Great Power is declared to be in permanent civil disorder, it may not be
played by an active player again.
VIII. NOTES ON MAP
·
There is no canal where Kiel is located in standard Diplomacy.
·
Lake Ladoga, the Russian body of water adjoining the
spaces of St. Petersburg, Novgorod Territory, Karelia, and Moscow, is
impassable. A unit may not move
from St. Petersburg to Novgorod Territory or vice versa. Similarly, a unit may not move from
Karelia to Moscow or vice versa.
·
The Sea of Azov, an integral part of the Crimea space,
is considered impassable for fleet movement purposes. Only one unit, a fleet or an army, may occupy Crimea at any
one time. Further, this means that
Kazan has only one coast. This is
the coast along the Black Sea. The
tiny coast off of the Sea of Azov is ignored for fleet movement purposes.
·
Gibraltar is a sea space that does not contain
land. Gibraltar does not break the
coast of Andalusia or Morocco in two.
·
Army movement across water is permitted without a
convoy at one crossing point on the map:
Ireland-Edinburgh.
·
The Island of Sicily is considered to be an integral
part of the “Two Sicilies” space and is not a separate space of its own.
·
The Islands of Iceland and Sardinia are passable and
may be occupied.
·
The Kingdom of Sardinia, a minor power, is represented
by two spaces on the map: Savoy, a SC, and the Island of Sardinia.
·
Courland does not touch Koenigsberg. While the Lithuania space separates
Courland from Koenigsberg, Lithuania does not have a “coast” on the Baltic Sea
and is considered impassable for fleet movement purposes. Thus, a fleet may not occupy Lithuania.
IX. SPACE NAMES AND ABBREVIATIONS.
Being based on a map of Europe in 1763, Ambition &
Empire has a number of spaces that do not
appear on the conventional Diplomacy
map. As in Diplomacy, there are twenty sea spaces. However, with few exceptions, the land
spaces are radically changed, particularly in the east. There are seventy-four land spaces, of
which forty-three are SCs. All
spaces on the Ambition & Empire
map, along with their abbreviations, are listed below. SCs are annotated with an asterisk (*).
Abo* Abo
Adriatic Sea Adr
Aegean Sea Aeg
Algiers* Alg
Andalusia And
Aragon Ara
Armenia Arm
Austrian Netherlands* ANe
Baden-Wuerttemberg* BaW
Baltic Sea Bal
Barcelona* Brc
Barents Sea BaS
Bavaria* Bav
Black Sea Bla
Berlin* Ber
Bohemia Boh
Bosnia Bos
Breslau* Brl
Brest* Bre
Budapest* Bud
Burgundy Bur
Christiania* Chr
Constantinople* Con
Copenhagen* Cop
Courland* Cou
Crimea* Cri
Croatia Cro
Damascus* Dam
Dresden* Dre
Eastern Mediterranean Eas
Edinburgh* Edi
English Channel Eng
Galicia Gal
Gascony Gas
Gibraltar Gib
Gulf of Bothnia Gbo
Gulf of Lyon GLy
Hanover* Han
Helgoland Bight Hel
Hesse-Westphalia* HeW
Holstein Hol
Iceland Ice
Ionian Sea Ion
Ireland Ire
Irish Sea Iri
Karelia Kar
Kazan Kaz
Kiev* Kev
Koenigsberg* Kon
Languedoc Lan
Lapland Lap
Leon Leo
Lithuania Lit
Liverpool Lvp
London* Lon
Lusatia Lus
Madrid* Mad
Marseilles* Mar
Mecklenburg* Mec
Mid-Atlantic Ocean Mid
Milan* Mil
Morocco* Mor
Moscow* Mos
North Atlantic Ocean Nat
North Sea Nth
Norwegian Sea NwS
Novgorod Territory Nov
Papal States* Pap
Paris* Par
Picardy Pic
Portugal* Por
Posen Pos
St. Petersburg* StP
Sardinia Sar
Savoy* Sav
Scania Sca
Skaggerak Ska
Sofia* Sof
Stockholm* Sto
Switzerland* Swi
Tunis* Tun
Tuscany* Tus
Two Sicilies TwS
Tyrol Tyr
Tyrrhenian Sea TyS
United Provinces* Upr
Venetian Republic* Ven
Vienna* Vie
Wales Wal
Wallachia Wla
Warsaw* War
Western Mediterranean Wes
Yorkshire Yor
Zaporozh’ye Zap
X. GAME MAP
XI. BACKGROUND
A recurring question we’ve received about Ambition and
Empire is, how did we settle on the date,
1763? Why create a variant that
starts at the end of Seven Years
War, instead of right before it?
Part of the reasoning was that we didn’t want to create a variant that
simply allowed players to reshape the events of the Seven Years War. We were looking at doing a period of
history that hadn’t been fleshed out.
We would be surprised if this didn’t figure on some level into
Calhammer’s decision to select 1901 as the starting point for Diplomacy, rather than 1914.
However, we also believed that the states-system and balance
created by the Seven Years War was far
more conducive to a multi-player variant, than existed at the outset of the
war. For starters, while a number
of events and political forces factored into the struggle, at its heart, the
Seven Years War was a fight between superpowers of the day, France and England,
for global dominance. At the
conclusion of the Seven Years War however, this power structure was simply no
longer in place.
Until the outbreak of the First World War, international
relations in Europe would be dominated by five great powers: England, France,
Austria, Russia, and Prussia. In
his book, The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756-1775, author H. M. Scott traces the origins of the Great
Power system to the events of the third quarter of the 18th Century;
most notably, the military emergence of Russia and Prussia in the Seven Years
War and, along with Austria, a shift in the center of power in Europe,
eastwards.
For play-balance, we added five other states to the
mix. The first of these had to be
the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). While
not yet the “sick man of Europe,” it was certainly ailing. We also added four other “former great”
powers of Europe; countries who reached their zenith in the 16th and
17th centuries and who were now gracefully (or not so gracefully, in
the case of Poland), settling into second-tier status in 1763: Sweden, Spain,
Denmark-Norway, and Poland & Saxony.
The inclusion of Saxony with Poland reflects the fact that the
Prince-Elector of Saxony was also King of Poland. Politically, Saxony was the leading German state after
Prussia and Austria (although certainly not in their league).
Of these players, the most ado has been made about our
inclusion of Denmark-Norway and Poland & Saxony. Denmark-Norway was, admittedly, little more than a great
commercial and shipping power in 1763, although it had a sizeable merchant
navy; one of the largest in Europe in fact. Similarly, but for its political ties with Saxony and sheer
size, Poland – which was on the
brink of anarchy in 1763 and would soon be partitioned out of existence by
Prussia, Austria, and Russia – is another “stretch.” Still, we like the inclusion of these states for
play-balance and because we wanted a larger multi-player variant.
This October 2005 version of Ambition and Empire represents the most significant, single revision of
the variant, since we began play-testing it in 2000. Much of it represents valued, thoughtful comments and
suggestions we have received from a number of dedicated players over the course
of the years. We are genuinely
grateful for their input and enthusiasm for the game.
![[State and War Ensign 1759-1785 (Spain)]](http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/images/e/es~1759.gif)
![[White semy de lys ensign]](http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/images/f/fr~mr2.gif)